# suffix 后缀

reference: <http://www.dictionary.com/browse/> <http://baike.baidu.com/view/338587.htm>

```
查看英文版解释：http://www.dictionary.com/browse/
接-词缀 eg: ^ http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-ed
```

## 名词解释

```
  以英语为例：Verb（动词）+-ment（后缀）—> Noun（名词）：借由后缀-ment 的使用，使原本的动词词素转为名词，为语言的衍生，是后缀的一种用途
  后缀是置于单词或词干后用于构成新词的一个或一组音节。也就是说，用作一种词类的词，例如名词经添加后缀之后可以转变为不同的词类，例如形容词。
```

## 名词

```
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下：
1．-ster，-eer，-er（or）意为：从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人（person engaged in an occupation or activity）例词：gamester，gangster，songster，engineer，profiteer，mountaineer，auctioneer，driver，teacher，director，actor，professor
2．-let意为：小或者不重要的东西（small，unimportant things）例词：booklet，leaflet，starlet
3．-ette意为：1）小的东西（small）例词：cigarette 2）假的东西（imitation）例词：leatherette,usherette
4．-ess意为：女性（female）例词：actress，poetess，hostess，paintress
5．-hood意为：时期（status；etc．）例词：boyhood，childhood，manhood
6．-ship意为：才能，状态，资格，品质等（skill，state，condition，status，quality）例词：leadership，friendship，membership，lectureship，sportsmanship
7．-ful意为：量（the amount which noun contains）例词：cupful，handful， mouthful，spoonful
8．-tion，-ion意为：1）状态，行动等（state；action；etc．）例词：action，oppression，possession，education，starva- tion 2）机构等（institution；etc．）例词： organization，foundation
9．-ment意为：状态，行动等（state； action；etc．）例词：movement，enslavement，pavement
10．-al意为：动作（action）例词：arrival，refusal，revival，recital，removal
11．-age意为：程度，数量等（extent； amount；etc．）例词：wastage，coverage， acreage，shrinkage，breakage，hostage
12．-ness；-ity（ty）意为：状态，品质（state；quality；etc．）例词：happiness， usefulness，selfishness，kindness，rapidity，activity，sanity，changeability
13．-ism意为：道义，主义，学说等（doctrine of，practice of）例词：idealism， impressionism，absenteeism，racism
```

### 动词

```

使一个词变为动词的后缀。
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下：
1．-ify意为：转为，变为（to turn into，to make or become）例词：beautify， diversify，simplify
2．-ize；-en意为：使……，变得……（to make or become ；to make into）例词：modernize，popularize，legalize，hospitalize，symbolize，ripen，widen，heighten，threaten
3．-ate意为：增加，使……听写（give or add，make or become）例词：originate， hydrogenate，validate，differentiate
```

&#x20;\### 形容词

```
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下：
1．-ful意为：充满，有（full of；hav- ing；giving；etc．）例词：useful，pitiful， hopeful，careful,helpful，forgetful，thankful， fearful
2．-less意为：没有，无（without；not giving）例词：speechless，childless，harmless，hopeless，meaningless ，homeless
3．-ly意为：有……品质的（having the qualities of）例词：beastly，manly， brotherly，friendly
4．-like意为：像……的（like）例词： childlike，statesmanlike，tiger-like
5．-y；-ish意为：像……一般的（somewhat like）例词：meaty，sandy， silky，hairy，leafy，watery，foolish，girlish，blackish，thinnish
6．-some意为：像……一样的；引起……的；有……品质的（like；causing； having the quality of）例词：troublesome，burdensome，wholesome，tiresome，bothersome
7．-able（ible）意为：能……的；可以……的（able to be ；capable）例词： changeable，reliable,readable，drinkable，comfortable，expansible，convincible
8．-ed意为：有……的（having，etc．）例词：wooded，pointed，moneyed， odd-shaped
9．-al意为：有……属性的，……类型的（nature of，typical of）例词：cultural，personal，regional，musical
10．-ary（ory）意为：属于……的，与……相连的（belonging to；connected with）例词：revolutionary，imaginary， contradictory
11．-ous意为：富含……的；有……品质的；像……的（full of；having the quality of；like）例词：glorious，erroneous，malicious，gracious
12．-ic（ical）意为：……类的；属于……的（typical of；belonging to）例词： historic，historical，methodic，methodical，dramatic，heroic
13．-ive意为：有……属性的；有某种倾向的（having the nature or quality of；given or tending to）例词：attractive， talkative，restrictive，defensive，preventive，constructive，sensitive
```

### 副词

```
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下：
1．-ly意为：以……方式（in a...manner；etc．）
例词：happily， boldly，attentive- ly，strangely
2．-ward（s）意为：表示方式或动作的方向（manner and direction of movement）例词：onward（s），backward（s），earthward（s），homeward（s），eastward（s）
3．-wise意为：1）按照……方式（in the manner of）例词：crabwise，clockwise2）就……而言（asfar as...is concerned）例词：weatherwise ，educationwise
4.以ly后缀结尾的副词，比较级都是+more，如more carefully，more useful最高级+most 如most carefully，most useful
```

* [-ism](https://github.com/jiek/learn-english/tree/9256220a6fd4cdfb770ac2ab1e8c5a145f37ec8a/vocabulary/suffix/ism.md)
* [-ist](https://github.com/jiek/learn-english/tree/9256220a6fd4cdfb770ac2ab1e8c5a145f37ec8a/vocabulary/suffix/ist.md)
* [-ics](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-ics)
* -istic,-istical,-istically,-isticalliness
* [-ization](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-ization)
* [-ize](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-ize)
* [-mentarian](http://www.dictionary.com/browse/-arian)


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